# Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic (E339)

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**Safety rating:** SAFE
**E-number:** E339
**CAS number:** 7601-54-9
**Category:** emulsifier
**FDA GRAS:** yes
**Adverse events (FDA AERS):** 0
**FDA recalls:** 0
**Last updated:** 2026-04-04

## Summary

Sodium phosphate, tribasic (also called trisodium phosphate) is an inorganic salt used in food processing as an emulsifier, anticaking agent, and pH control agent. It is approved for use by the FDA as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) ingredient and appears in various processed foods and beverages.

## Regulatory status

| Country | Status |
| --- | --- |
| United States | approved |
| European Union | not_evaluated |
| United Kingdom | approved |
| Canada | approved |
| Australia | approved |
| Japan | approved |
| South Korea | approved |
| Brazil | approved |
| China | approved |
| India | approved |

## Detailed analysis

## What is Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic?

Sodium phosphate, tribasic is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na₃PO₄. It is the salt formed from phosphoric acid and sodium. The compound exists as a white crystalline powder and is highly soluble in water. When dissolved, it creates an alkaline solution due to hydrolysis of the phosphate ion. Sodium phosphate, tribasic is chemically distinct from monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphates, which have different compositions and functional properties.

## Common Uses

In food manufacturing, sodium phosphate, tribasic serves multiple functions. As an emulsifier, it helps stabilize mixtures of oil and water in products like processed cheese, dairy products, and meat preparations. Its anticaking properties make it useful in powdered foods, seasonings, and salt products by absorbing moisture and preventing clumping. The ingredient also functions as a pH buffer, helping maintain the acidity or alkalinity of processed foods. Additionally, it acts as a sequestrant by binding metal ions that could otherwise cause spoilage or discoloration. In some applications, it provides supplemental phosphorus and sodium minerals. Food manufacturers also use it as a drying agent and humectant in various formulations.

## Safety Assessment

Sodium phosphate, tribasic has been evaluated extensively for safety. The FDA designated it as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) based on a long history of use and scientific evaluation. As of current records, there are no reported adverse events associated with this additive submitted to the FDA, and no product recalls have been linked to its presence in foods. The additive is chemically similar to other phosphate salts that have been used in food for decades.

The primary dietary concern with phosphate additives in general relates to overall sodium and phosphorus intake at the population level, rather than the additive itself. Individuals on sodium-restricted diets or those with kidney disease may need to monitor phosphorus intake, as do people following specific medical recommendations. However, these considerations apply to dietary management rather than the safety of the additive in food.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has also evaluated sodium phosphates, including tribasic forms, and established acceptable daily intakes based on toxicological data.

## Regulatory Status

Sodium phosphate, tribasic is approved for use in the United States as a GRAS ingredient. The FDA permits its use in various food categories including processed cheese, frozen desserts, meat products, and other foods where its functional properties are needed. The additive must be used in accordance with FDA regulations, which specify maximum levels in different food categories.

The ingredient is also approved in the European Union, Canada, and many other countries for similar food applications. Regulatory approval reflects its established safety profile and long history of use in food processing.

## Key Studies

Phosphate safety has been the subject of numerous scientific studies evaluating absorption, metabolism, and potential health effects. Research indicates that sodium phosphate, tribasic is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized through normal phosphorus pathways. Toxicological studies conducted at various exposure levels have not identified specific health hazards from the additive itself when used as a food ingredient.

The weight of scientific evidence supports the safety of this additive at levels used in food manufacturing. Ongoing research in nutrition science continues to examine overall phosphate intake from all dietary sources, which informs broader dietary guidance rather than the safety assessment of individual phosphate additives in foods.

## Sources

- FDA Substances Added to Food (CFSAN)
- OpenFDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)
- OpenFDA Food Recalls
- EFSA OpenFoodTox
- EU Food Additive Portal

## Citation

Additive Facts. "Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic (E339) — Safety, regulation, and evidence." https://additivefacts.com/additives/sodium-phosphate-tribasic. Accessed 2026-05-19.